Sunday, August 29, 2021

Fake Freedom

And even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled to those who are perishing. In their case the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, to keep them from seeing the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God.
2 Corinthians 4:3–4

If the gospel offers true, genuine freedom, how can Satan blind people from receiving true, genuine freedom? It's to sell them fake freedom. 

Thursday, June 24, 2021

The Live Goat Is Satan

“And when he has made an end of atoning for the Holy Place and the tent of meeting and the altar, he shall present the live goat. And Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, and confess over it all the iniquities of the people of Israel, and all their transgressions, all their sins. And he shall put them on the head of the goat and send it away into the wilderness by the hand of a man who is in readiness. The goat shall bear all their iniquities on itself to a remote area, and he shall let the goat go free in the wilderness.
Leviticus 16:20–22

 

Mark now, whether he who charges us with having committed errors of the most impious kind, and with having wandered away from the (true meaning) of the divine enigmas, is not himself clearly in error, from not observing that in the writings of Moses, which are much older not merely than Heraclitus and Pherecydes, but even than Homer, mention is made of this wicked one, and of his having fallen from heaven. For the serpent — from whom the Ophioneus spoken of by Pherecydes is derived — having become the cause of man's expulsion from the divine Paradise, obscurely shadows forth something similar, having deceived the woman by a promise of divinity and of greater blessings; and her example is said to have been followed also by the man. And, further, who else could the destroying angel mentioned in the Exodus of Moses be, than he who was the author of destruction to them that obeyed him, and did not withstand his wicked deeds, nor struggle against them? Moreover (the goat), which in the book of Leviticus is sent away (into the wilderness), and which in the Hebrew language is named Azazel, was none other than this; and it was necessary to send it away into the desert, and to treat it as an expiatory sacrifice, because on it the lot fell. For all who belong to the worse part, on account of their wickedness, being opposed to those who are God's heritage, are deserted by God.
  

Wednesday, April 14, 2021

From pistis, for pistis — the banner that waves over Romans

I'm convinced that Romans 1:17 is the banner that flies over Romans:
δικαιοσύνη γὰρ θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἀποκαλύπτεται ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν, καθὼς γέγραπται· Ὁ δὲ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται.

In [the gospel] the righteousness of God is revealed from pistis [of Christ] for pistis [of the nations, 1:5, 16:26], as it is written "The righteous from pistis shall live."
Notice how Romans 3:26 starts to explain how this works:
ἐν τῇ ἀνοχῇ τοῦ θεοῦ, πρὸς τὴν ἔνδειξιν τῆς δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ, εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν δίκαιον καὶ δικαιοῦντα τὸν ἐκ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ
 
It was to show his righteousness at the present time, so that he might be just and the justifier of the one who is from the pistis of Jesus.
Jesus demonstrates pistis in his life, death, and resurrection and God justifies the one who participates in/shares in (one whose life is patterned from/ἐκ the source that is) the pistis of Jesus.  From pistis (of Jesus), for pistis (of the nations).

Romans 4:16 taps into this same dynamic, only with Abraham as the "source" rather than Christ:
Διὰ τοῦτο ἐκ πίστεως, ἵνα κατὰ χάριν, εἰς τὸ εἶναι βεβαίαν τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι, οὐ τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ (ὅς ἐστιν πατὴρ πάντων ἡμῶν,
 
That is why it depends on faith, in order that the promise may rest on grace and be guaranteed to all his offspring—not only to the adherent of the law but also to the one who is from the pistis of Abraham, who is the father of us all,
ESV translates the underlined phrase here as "shares the faith of Abraham" but if you look at the Greek text, it's the exact same construct as the ending in 3:26.  Why don't we translate the former text as "shares the faith of Jesus"?  If I had to guess, I would venture to say our reformation theology doesn't allow us to.

I think what's going on here is that Jesus and Abraham both embody the gospel pattern of Romans 1:17.  The pistis of one becomes the source that others share/participate in unto blessing/salvation.  In this sense, Abraham is for Paul a type of Christ in his life of pistis.

For Christ, this pistis is death-defying embodied fidelity out of which God brings resurrection life (and enthronement over the nations).

For Abraham, this pistis is the exact same: death-defying embodied fidelity out of which God brings resurrection life.  This is precisely why Paul uses the language he does in 4:17-21:
as it is written, “I have made you the father of many nations”—in the presence of the God in whom he believed, who gives life to the dead and calls into existence the things that do not exist. In hope he believed against hope, that he should become the father of many nations, as he had been told, “So shall your offspring be.” He did not weaken in faith when he considered his own body, which was as good as dead (since he was about a hundred years old), or when he considered the barrenness [literally 'deadness'⁠—same root as the word in the previous clause used to describe his body] of Sarah's womb. No unbelief made him waver concerning the promise of God, but he grew strong in his faith as he gave glory to God, fully convinced that God was able to do what he had promised. (Romans 4:17–21,ESV)
Notice how Paul goes out of his way to talk about the concept of death in this passage.  What is the result of this death-defying embodied fidelity in the case of Abraham?
That is why his faith was “counted to him as righteousness.” (Romans 4:22, ESV)
But this doesn't mean what we think it means because of the reformers (i.e. imputation).  In context, given the narrative shape of Paul's commentary on Abraham's life, he is using this verse to speak of the birth of Isaac.  In other words, Isaac's birth represents the resurrection life that God brings in response to ("that is why") Abraham's death-defying embodied fidelity.

So now, what's the upshot of this all for the Roman church and for us all who give pistis to Jesus?
But the words “it was counted to him” were not written for his sake alone, but for ours also. It will be counted to us who believe in him who raised from the dead Jesus our Lord, who was delivered up for our trespasses and raised for our justification. (Romans 4:23–25, ESV)
First point here is that the resurrection-like birth of Isaac isn't just for the sake of Abraham; it's for the sake of all Christ followers to show that God always responds with resurrection life to death-defying embodied fidelity.  Now notice the "it will be counted..." future language.  What is Paul saying?  I think Paul's saying that if we too share in this death-defying embodied fidelity to the God who raised Jesus from the dead over the long haul (just like Abraham's fidelity was one that grew over time, v.20b), God will also give us resurrection life in response to our death-defying embodied fidelity.  Jesus was raised for our justification in the sense that His vindication from death becomes our vindication from death as we share in/participate in His death-defying fidelity.  So the gospel shape of Abraham's life is here to re-enforce the gospel shape of Jesus' life:

From pistis unto resurrection for pistis unto resurrection.

Sounds like exactly what Jesus taught: 
...whoever loses his life for my sake will find it. (Matthew 16:25, ESV)
In other words, whoever perseveres in death-defying embodied fidelity will receive resurrection life.

Thursday, January 28, 2021

Jesus and the State

[24] When they came to Capernaum, the collectors of the two-drachma tax went up to Peter and said, “Does your teacher not pay the tax?” [25] He said, “Yes.” And when he came into the house, Jesus spoke to him first, saying, “What do you think, Simon? From whom do kings of the earth take toll or tax? From their sons or from others?” [26] And when he said, “From others,” Jesus said to him, “Then the sons are free. [27] However, not to give offense to them, go to the sea and cast a hook and take the first fish that comes up, and when you open its mouth you will find a shekel. Take that and give it to them for me and for yourself.” (Matthew 17:24–27, ESV)

There is perhaps no passage in the New Testament that throws more light on Jesus' attitude toward the secular state than the account of the didrachma recorded in Matthew 17:24-27.  This didrachma (a half shekel) was an ancient institution, first mentioned in Exodus 30, which required that every adult male in Israel pay a set fee toward the maintenance of the sanctuary.  After falling into disuse during the hectic days of the captivity, it was revived at the return from exile (Neh. 10:32).  According to the context, its revival then was a part of the large-scale attempt to re-establish a sacral order.  There were some irregularities in the handling of these collected moneys (Neh. 13:10).  Whether it was the questionable management or the threat this mode of raising moneys carried in itself (it provided a handy and unobtrusive way to gather funds for the support of seditious undertakings) is a question that need not detain us here.  The fact is that by Jesus' time the Roman government had adopted the policy of picking up these contributions and then footing the bill for such repairs or improvements as these moneys warranted.  We read in Matthew 17 that someone asked Peter whether his master was in the habit of paying the didrachma (literally "the two drams," as the temple tax had come to be called).  No doubt what prompted this prying question was the presumption that ardent flat grace religionists (as the questioner took Jesus to be) usually had scruples against paying the tax to an "uncircumcised" agency, which by its very handling of the money rendered it unfit for the "holy place."  Peter, somewhat embarrassed by the unexpected question, hesitatingly answered in the affirmative.  The matter would no doubt have ended there had not Jesus deliberately reopened it: "What do you think, Simon?  From whom do kings of the earth take toll or tribute?  From their sons or from others?"  Peter replies that it is "from others," that is, from Jews, whom the Roman government knew as unamalgamated ones, "strangers," or "sojourners."  The "sons," that is, the native Romans, were not asked to pay it.  Thereupon Jesus summarized that if it was a tax exacted from sojourners, then the children, the native sons, ought not to be billed for it.  Then he added, most significantly: "However, not to give offense, go to the sea and cast a hook, and take the first fish that comes up, and when you open its mouth you will find a shekel [a four-drachma piece]; take that and give it to them for me and for yourself" (Matt. 17:27).

The astounding thing in this incident is that Jesus put himself and his disciples in the category of "sons" rather than "sojourners," indicating that in the matter of his and their relationship to the existing regnum Jesus identified with the Roman citizen rather than the Jew.  We see in this identification the mentality of the proselyte members of the synagogue: he had distanced himself from the older element of the synagogue congregation and its negative attitude toward the nonconfessing regnum.  In not objecting to identification as a "son" of the secular regnum of his day — a "son" rather than a sacral "sojourner" — Jesus clearly was committed to the theology of progressive grace.  What he said in this incident throws an illuminating ray on his statement "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's and to God the things that are God's."

—Leonard Verduin, The Anatomy of a Hybrid, p. 62-63 (free online version)